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Argumentative/ Persuasive essays

Introduction

The aim of writing a persuasive or argumentative essay is to convince your reader of your thesis statement. Structurally the essay has three components, namely, the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The introduction begins with a hook. A hook is a statement that grabs your reader’s attention and makes them want to read your essay. For example, dieting as a strategy for losing weight has more disadvantages than advantages. The hook is usually followed by a bit of background information. As a general rule, the background information should follow the general to specific format and allow you to give context to your thesis statement.  A thesis statement comes at the end of your first paragraph and states the position that you want to prove using evidence and arguments.

Body

The body comes after your first paragraph and presents your arguments as well as the evidence supporting each. Each paragraph should ideally contain a topic sentence followed by a piece of evidence in the form of a citation. Finally, a conclusion sentence links your argument to your thesis statement and the next paragraph. An example would look like this; Dieting can increase the likelihood of becoming fat by inducing dis-inhibition following the dietary restraint. According to Hill, 2004 female subjects who tried restraining their dietary habits added weight after the restrain period. Dieting has a close association with binge eating resulting in weight gain.

Conclusion

The conclusion should restate your thesis statement, summarize your main points, and show the importance of your argument. By following the above example, you should be able to write a persuasive essay on dieting as well as any other topic assigned to you.

 

Sample Essays

Sample #1

Deforestation

Deforestation is a term used to refer to the clear-cutting of trees for various purposes. Most of the reasons for cutting trees include; creating more land for crop farming, grazing, or fuel and timber use (Boahene, 248). Deforestation has significant effects on the climate, being a major cause of global warming, soil erosion, and desertification. The effects of global warming are devastating and far-reaching. They can affect the climate as well as the economics of a region. Most of the forest cover being cleared is mainly in the tropics though the rate has accelerated worldwide.

There are many solutions to deforestation. However, few are effective, practical, or sustainable enough to ensure continued forest cover coverage across the world (Allen, Julia, and Douglas, 170). One of the most effective solutions is related to giant corporations. Corporations that produce timber, palm oil, and such products can stop deforestation on a grand scale. Such corporations should embrace their social responsibility and hold their suppliers accountable for the raw materials they provide. They should put stringent policies in place and follow them to the latter to ensure raw materials coming from forests are sourced legally. They should also encourage the recycling of wrappers to keep our environment fresh and healthy.

Another solution involves the public employing sustainable choices of consuming less forest-related products. The public should also shun products produced by companies that do not join the campaign against global warming. The government should implement laws and acts that protect forests and conserve them (Boahene, 248). Leaders should try to involve the latest techniques in science to help conserve forests. However, some people and organizations are not likely to implement most of these measures. Many reasons can be used to justify their refusal. For instance, corporations that deal with raw materials may not embrace their social responsibility to preserve forests since it is likely to result in huge losses for them. Losses can stem from waiting too long for their raw materials to pass through all the legal processing required, resulting in fewer sales and profits. Also, individuals may not wish to let go of their comfort and consume brands that preserve forests.

One positive externality presented by slowing down or stopping deforestation involves the conservation of wildlife. Conserving forests indirectly involves the conservation of biodiversity and wildlife (Allen, Julia, and Douglas, 170). Wildlife also serves to generate income from tourism, and therefore the economy can also benefit.

For the above methods to be adopted, various incentives should be put in place to motivate the parties involved. Corporations that support forest preservation campaigns should be given subsidies by the government (Angelsen, 125). Reduction in taxation on their products or other forms of subsidies can encourage major corporations to join the campaign to preserve trees. For leaders, re-election to office is very important for them. If society agreed to reelect only those leaders with the best agendas on preserving forests, leaders would be motivated to conserve forests. For individuals, being paid when one plants a tree could go a long way in motivating people to adopt the right attitude towards forests.

An externality resulting from individuals consuming products coming only from those companies fighting deforestation would be a healthier environment, one with lesser global warming, famine, and cancer. On leadership, a positive externality would result from conservation of biodiversity and increase in wildlife populations (Bromley, Daniel, and Eustaquio, 98). However, a negative externality may be encountered when corporations embrace the fight against deforestation. Many people in the supply chain, like loggers, are likely to lose their means of livelihood.

Sample #2

Budget and Allocation

Line-item budgeting is one of the oldest forms of public budgeting. Its importance lies in that it is the most basic and therefore provides the foundation for all other budgeting systems. Additionally, it is easy to prepare as anyone with little financial knowledge can prepare it (Khan, 2019). It is also simple to understand, and all stakeholders involved in the process, be it citizens or leaders, can read and understand it. Line-item budgets work through line itemization, whereby funds for expenditure or revenue are allocated to specific cost objects (Khan, 2019). Cost objects represent things like salaries or debts that departments incur from one fiscal year to another. On the other hand, program budgets focus on specific programs rather than just on the cost objects. Their main difference lies in the fact that it is possible to tie funds to specific goals in program budgets.

The basic structure of a line-item budget is a table made up of rows and columns. According to Khan, 2019 the vertical columns are made up of the cost items listed against the revenue. In the case of a government, each box represents the budget for each state department, while the total boxes make up the total budget for the government. Given this simple structure, all one needs to prepare a line-item budget is the government’s history and the amount of money per cost object.

A cost allocation method is to be applied to come up with the amount of money to be spent per cost object. The most used methods of cost allocation are two; direct costs and indirect costs (Kong, 2005). Direct costs refer to those costs that can be directly attributed to an activity. Implementing a direct costing methodology or calculating direct costs involves converting indirect costs to direct costs. The conversion process can be achieved by coming up with a measure to serve as an allocation base. On the other hand, indirect cost involves those costs that are incurred in the process of delivering services.  In certain contexts, indirect costs may be referred to as overhead costs.

There is no one best cost allocation methodology to use. The choice of which cost methodology to use in the preparation of a budget is subjective. However, it is important to note that different cost allocation methodologies may result in a marginal improvement in the cost allocation process. The final step in the preparation of a line-item budget system is balancing. Balancing a budget serves the purpose of indicating where expenses are more than the revenue allocated. Some forms of unbalanced budgets, called forced budgets, result when the management consciously decides to overstate its revenue or understate its expenses.

In conclusion, line-item budgets are the simplest and form the foundation of all other budgeting systems. Preparation of line-item budgets involves designing the line-item budget format, developing common budget definitions and terms, identifying all revenues and expenses, and finally balancing the budget.

Sample #3

Anti-Black Racism in Higher Education

In The New Republic, Leslie M. Harris in her article The Long Ugly History of Racism at American universities explores the history in milestones of how American universities evolved from being segregated as for whites to the diverse universities that we see today which embrace all cultures, races and even sexuality. Simba Runyowa, in his article Microaggressions Matter published in The Atlantic, goes on to explore how the slights or microaggressions are continuing to wreak havoc in the modern American universities. He even gives an example of how a student once compared him to her own dog.

            Anti-black racism in higher education has continued despite the age we are in due to microaggressions, low numbers of blacks in the universities and the fact they are acknowledged as unintentional.

            In my opinion, Anti-black racism and harassment are still very rampant in American universities. Blacks and especially Afro-American ladies tend to perform very poorly in academics. Their poor performances tend to stem from the effects of racism in low levels termed as microaggressions (Runyowa, 2015). Microaggressions foster feelings of insecurity, undeserving and unaccomplished. The long term effects include disorders such as imposter syndrome and stereotype threat. I feel that these poor performances reflect what happened to the student Herman Sweatt in the University of Texas (Harris, 2015). He was not able to perform and dropped out the university due to the torture he received for being a black.

            It seems that blacks cannot be able to free themselves from these prejudices as they account for a tiny percentage of the total students in institutions of higher education. Their attempts at political correctness are merely ignored, making them seem as victims which aggravate their situation further as they seem to point their cultural and color differences.

                        In conclusion, the only way to remedy this racism is to embrace the element of political correctness which shows empathy to all. In addition to this, everyone should endeavor to refrain from microaggressions since their impact matter more than their intent.

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